The Imperial Examinations
or Keju (Traditional Chinese: 科舉; pinyin: kējǔ),
were an essential part of the Chinese government administration from their introduction in the Han Dynasty (206 B.C.E. to 220 C.E.) until they were abolished during Qing attempts at modernization in 1905. The examination system was systematized in the Sui Dynasty (581–618) as an official method for recruiting bureaucrats. It was intended to ensure that appointment as a government official was based on merit and not on favoritism or heredity. Theoretically, any male adult in China, regardless of his wealth or social status, could become a high-ranking government official by passing the imperial examination. Examinations were given on four levels, local, provincial, metropolitan and national. Candidates on their knowledge of the Confucian classics, their ability to write, and the "Five Studies:" military strategy, civil law, revenue and taxation, agriculture, and geography. Though only about 5 percent of those who took them passed, the examinations served to maintain cultural unity and consensus on basic values and ensured the identification of the educated elite with national, rather than regional, goals and values. The Chinese civil service system later served as a model for the civil-service systems that developed in other Asian and Western countries.
Types of Degrees
These are some of the types of degrees that were offered:
- Shēngyuán (生員), also called xiùcái (秀才), licentiate; administered at exams held in the county level each year.
- Anshou, (案首)a shēngyuán who ranked #1
- Gongsheng (貢生), senior licentiate
- Jǔrén (舉人) provincial graduate, administered at the provincial level every three years
- Jieyuan (解元) jǔrén who ranked #1.
- Huiyuan (會元), jǔrén who ranked #1 in prequalification
- Gongshi (貢士), jǔrén who passed prequalification
- Jìnshì (進士) metropolitan graduate, administered in the capital every three years
- Jinshi jidi (進士及第) Jinshi who were ranked first class in Jinshi examiniation.
- Zhuangyuan (狀元), jìnshì who ranked #1 first class (in Jinshi examination) .
- Bangyan (榜眼), jìnshì who ranked #2 first class.
- Tanhua (探花), jìnshì who ranked #3 first class.
- Jinshi Chushen (進士出身) jìnshì who were ranked second class in Jinshi examination.
- Tong Jinshi Chushen (同進士出身) jìnshì who were ranked third class in Jinshi examiniation.
Influence
The Chinese Imperial examination system had international influence throughout East Asia. It was copied by the Goryeo Dynasty and Joseon Dynasty for the Yangban class in Korea (see Gwageo) until its annexation by Japan. It was also copied in Vietnam from 1075 to 1919. Japan used a similar examination system during the Heian period for the promotion of minor nobles; it was replaced by the hereditary system in the Samurai era.
It has been suggested that the Chinese Imperial examination system was an important influence on the Northcote-Trevelyan Report and hence on the reform of the Civil Service in British India and later in the United Kingdom. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, admission to the British civil service administration depended on success in an examination in classical studies.
China’s modern civil service exams
- The modern National Civil Service Examination of China is a direct descendant in spirit
- Still highly competitive and nationwide
- Tests analytical ability, policy understanding, and general knowledge
- Acts as a key pathway into government careers
This is often considered the closest modern equivalent to Keju
Education systems (e.g., Gaokao)
- The Gaokao reflects Keju’s philosophy:
- High-stakes standardized testing
- Merit-based advancement
- Intense social importance
Global influence
The Keju model inspired:
-
Modern civil service exams in countries like:
- UK (19th-century reforms)
- India
- France
- The broader idea of meritocratic bureaucracy






